[Burnout, anxiety, insomnia and depressive symptoms among French outpatient physicians in the second wave of COVID-19: Comparison between general practitioners and specialists]. / Santé mentale des médecins libéraux français pendant la deuxième vague de COVID 19.

INTRODUCTION: The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a public health crisis worldwide. Concerns have been expressed about the rapid deterioration of mental health among primary care physicians among whom burnout already had a high prevalence prior to the pandemic. However, there is little data on private doctors during the pandemic. France experienced a second wave with a second lockdown. We aimed to assess and compare physicians' burnout, anxiety and depression symptoms and insomnia between general practitioners (GP) and all other private specialists during the second Covid-19 wave. METHODS: We conducted an online survey of private practitioners registered on Doctolib® (n=32,655), the interface software most used by private practitioners for booking medical appointments in France. Doctors were invited by email to complete an online survey in November 2020. Inclusions were closed on 1st December. The 2nd lockdown lasted from 30th October to 15th December 2020. We used the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) to assess burnout syndrome. A mean score of>50 in at least one subscale defined burnout. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale assessed anxiety and depression symptoms. We used two cut-offs, 8 (>7) and 11 (>10), as both are validated in the ability to find cases. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) measures sleep-related complaints among physicians (cut-off >7). To link variations in the psychological scales to the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the items asked explicitly whether participants considered that "the COVID-19 epidemic we are currently experiencing is a source of excess stress, psychological suffering or burnout". Approval for this study was obtained from the local institutional review board of the University of Paris-Saclay, France. The questionnaires were collected anonymously. Statistical significance was tested using the chi-square test and student's t-test to compare the prevalence between GPs and other specialities. Subsequently, logistic regression models were run for statistically significant associations. RESULTS: 1992 physicians replied, a response rate of 12.8% of those who received the invitation email. Among them, 79.4% suffered from psychological distress (symptoms of anxiety or depression or burnout), of which 71.3% suffered from burnout, 26.7% from depressive symptoms, 58.9% from anxiety symptoms and 45.8% from insomnia. There was no difference in gender between GPs and specialists, but there was an age difference (P<0.001). GPs had a higher prevalence of burnout (OR=1.33 CI95 [1.09;1.63]) and took more psychotropic drugs (1.38 CI95 [1.05;1.81]). They were also more likely to perceive their stress as work-related (OR=1.50 CI95 [1.23;1.81]) or COVID-19-related (OR=1.43 CI95 [1.16;1.77]). CONCLUSION: Our study is the first to assess the mental health of private practitioners in the second wave in association with COVID-19 stress. Firstly, GPs who provide primary care have a significantly higher burnout rate than other doctors. Secondly, COVID-19 stress is associated with more significant psychological distress. Thirdly, almost 80% of the private doctors surveyed suffer from psychological pain, and 71% suffer from burnout. This study has strengths and limitations. Firstly, this study assesses mental health and stress related to its COVID-19 association. Second, this is the largest population of private physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The low response rate is the main limit of this study. The alarming rates of psychological distress among private doctors and, in particular, GPs should lead to intervention to help doctors reduce stress, burnout and other mental disorders. This study gives a picture of the situation during the second wave and the lock-in, and we need to be cautious with the next waves.

Méditation de pleine conscience pour les patients en oncologie : adapter la pratique en temps de pandémie

Des ateliers de méditation ont été proposés aux patients, nous en avons étudié la faisabilité pendant les soins oncologiques. Ils ont été adaptés du fait de la Covid-19 : une session a eu lieu en présentiel, la suivante en distanciel. Les données ont été analysées de manière rétrospective. Une analyse mixte a été menée : le volet quantitatif a évalué la participation aux ateliers, les caractéristiques des patients et l'impact des ateliers, le volet qualitatif s'est concentré sur l'appropriation de cet outil par les patients. Concernant la faisabilité, 66,7 % des patients ont terminé le programme, il n'y avait pas de différence dans la participation en présentiel et en distanciel. Nous retrouvons une amélioration des compétences de pleine conscience, une diminution de l'anxiété et des douleurs physiques, une aggravation des nausées. La méditation semble être un outil intéressant pour les patients pendant leurs soins en oncologie, en présentiel et en distanciel.Alternate : Meditation workshops were offered to patients, and we observed their feasibility during their oncology care. They were adapted to Covid-19: one session face-to-face, the second by videoconference. Data were analyzed retrospectively. A mixed analysis was carried out: the quantitative part evaluated the participation in the workshops, the characteristics of the patients, and the impact of the workshops. The qualitative part focused on the appropriation of this tool by the patients. Concerning feasibility, 66.7% of patients completed the program without differences between face-to-face and videoconference groups. We find an improvement in mindfulness skills, a decrease in anxiety and physical pain, and an increase in nausea. Meditation seems to be an interesting tool for patients during their oncology care, both face-to-face and videoconference.

[Predictors of student anxiety during the pandemic (COVID-19)]. / Facteurs prédictifs de l'anxiété des étudiants durant la pandémie (COVID-19).

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a major health crisis and the quarantine of most of the planet's population. During confinement, anxiety symptoms may appear. The pandemic dramatically changes the lives of individuals by becoming a concrete manifestation of the threat. Constant exposure to information about the virus can increase anxiety, especially since the information may be erroneous or contradictory. This article examines the factors that predict student anxiety in the context of a pandemic. METHOD: The quantitative study involves a sample of 445 students from the University of Quebec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue. Anxiety was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and several sociodemographic variables were tested. RESULTS: The results demonstrated the effects of certain variables on anxiety, especially for women and non-binary people, were more marked than for men. Having dependent children has proven to be a protective factor. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that this variability is now considered when proposing intervention measures in a containment context. The limitations and perspectives of the study are presented and analyzed.

[COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychosocial impact among healthcare professionals in Tunisia]. / Pandémie COVID-19 : impact psychosocial sur le personnel de santé en Tunisie.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the psycho-affective impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of health professionals in Tunisia and to estimate the associated factors. METHODS: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of health professionals carried out from May 2, 2020 to June 30, 2020 in Tunisia. Healthcare professionals included doctors, nurses, dentists and pharmacists. The participants answered a pre-established questionnaire using an electronic "Google Form". This questionnaire gathered demographic data and medical history. It included two psychometric scales, the GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7) and the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) to assess the prevalence and intensity of anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms respectively. RESULTS: The study included 203 healthcare professionals. The professionals had a mean age of 30.74±6.33years, 69.5 % were women, and the majority were doctors (77.8 %). Among professionals, 9.4 % were nurses, 7.4 % were dentists, and 5.4 % were pharmacists. A third of the participants 34.3 % worked in departments with Covid-19 patienfor having moderate to severe anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION: In order to ensure better patient care, early detection of psychiatric disorders and the implementation of specific strategies to ensure better mental health among healthcare professionals are priorities not only during the current pandemic but also in the event of a future similar pandemic.

Estados emocionales agudos en pobladores mexicanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar los estados emocionales agudos en mexicanos durante la pandemia por Covid-19. Se tuvo un diseño no experimental-transversal. Participaron 585 mexicanos entre 18 y 67 años. Se utilizó la escala DASS-21 para medir las variables de estrés, ansiedad y depresión, y un cuestionario sobre situaciones relacionadas al confinamiento por COVID-19. Los resultados arrojan que un pequeño porcentaje de la muestra manifestó sintomatología emocional negativa de severa a muy severa, así como temor y angustia al contagio de un familiar. De igual manera, se identificaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres, y grupos de edad. Los hallazgos muestran la importancia de diseñar e implementar intervenciones psicológicas dirigidas a minorar las emociones negativas durante la pandemia por coronavirus.Alternate :The purpose of the study was to evaluate acute emotional states in Mexicans during the Covid-19 pandemic. Non-experimental-cross-sectional design. 585 Mexicans between 18 and 67 years of age participated. The DASS-21 scale was used to measure the variables of stress, anxiety and depression;and a questionnaire on situations related to confinement by COVID-19. The results show that a small percentage of the sample manifested negative emotional symptoms ranging from severe to very severe, as well as fear and anguish of contagion from a relative. Similarly, significant differences were identified between men and women, and age groups. The findings show the importance of designing and implementing psychological interventions aimed at reducing negative emotions during the coronavirus pandemic.Alternate :Le but de l'étude était d'évaluer les états émotionnels aigus chez les Mexicains pendant la pandémie de Covid-19. Conception en coupe transversale non expérimentale. 585 mexicains âgés de 18 à 67 ans y ont participé. L'échelle DASS-21 a été utilisée pour mesurer les variables du stress, de l'anxiété et de la dépression;et un questionnaire sur les situations liées au confinement par COVID-19. Les résultats montrent qu'un petit pourcentage de l'échantillon manifestait des symptômes émotionnels négatifs allant de graves à très graves, ainsi que la peur et l'angoisse de contagion d'un proche. De même, des différences significatives ont été identifiées entre les hommes et les femmes et les groupes d'âge. Les résultats montrent l'importance de concevoir et de mettre en œuvre des interventions psychologiques visant à réduire les émotions négatives pendant la pandémie.Alternate :O objetivo do estudo era avaliar os estados emocionais agudos nos mexicanos durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Desenho transversal não experimental. Participaram 585 mexicanos entre 18 e 67 anos. A escala DASS-21 foi utilizada para medir as variáveis ​​de estresse, ansiedade e depressão;e um questionário sobre situações relacionadas ao confinamento por COVID-19. Os resultados mostram que uma pequena porcentagem da amostra manifestou sintomas emocionais negativos que variam de graves a muito graves, além de medo e angústia de contágio de um familiar. Da mesma forma, foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres e grupos de idade. Os resultados mostram a importância de projetar e implementar intervenções psicológicas destinadas a reduzir as emoções negativas durante a pandemia.

Salud mental, autoeficacia y adaptación universitaria a la pandemia de COVID-19

Este estudio mixto evaluó cambios y estabilidad en indicadores de salud (depresión, ansiedad, estrés, consumo de alcohol y cantidad de horas de sueño) y la creencia en la autoeficacia académica de estudiantes universitarios brasileños, antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El primer paso, cuantitativo y longitudinal, investigó a 20 estudiantes (Medad =20.8 años;DP=3.4) en el período de 2019 y 2020, sugiriendo el mantenimiento de indicadores de salud mental y la reducción del consumo de alcohol y autoeficacia. En la segunda etapa, cualitativa, las entrevistas durante la cuarentena revelaron procesos de adaptación personal y académica, además de preocupaciones sobre la salud mental ante la pandemia. Se recomiendan las respuestas institucionales de las universidades a estos desafíos continuos, en contraposición a una perspectiva analítica individual.Alternate :This mixed study evaluated changes and stability in health indicators (depression, anxiety, stress, alcohol consumption and amount of hours of sleep) and the belief in academic self-efficacy of Brazilian university students, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first step, quantitative and longitudinal, investigated 20 students (average age=20.8 years;SD=3.4) in the period of 2019 and 2020, suggesting the maintenance of mental health indicators and the reduction of alcohol consumption and self-efficacy. In the second, qualitative stage, interviews during the quarantine revealed processes of personal and academic adaptation, in addition to concerns about mental health in the face of the pandemic. Institutional responses by universities to these ongoing challenges are recommended, as opposed to an individual analytical perspective.Alternate :Cette étude mixte a évalué les changements et la stabilité des indicateurs de santé (dépression, anxiété, stress, consommation d'alcool et nombre d'heures de sommeil) et la croyance en l'auto-efficacité académique des étudiants universitaires brésiliens, avant et pendant la pandémie COVID-19. La première étape, quantitative et longitudinale, a enquêté sur 20 étudiants (âge moyen=20,8 ans;ET=3,4) sur la période 2019 et 2020, suggérant le maintien des indicateurs de santé mentale et la réduction de la consommation d'alcool et auto-efficacité. Dans la seconde étape, qualitative, des entretiens lors de la quarantaine ont révélé des processus d'adaptation personnelle et académique, en plus des inquiétudes sur la santé mentale face à la pandémie. Des réponses institutionnelles des universités à ces défis permanents sont recommandées, par opposition à une perspective analytique individuelle.Alternate :Este estudo misto avaliou mudanças e estabilidades em indicadores de saúde (depressão, ansiedade, estresse, consumo de álcool e quantidade de horas de sono) e de crença de autoeficácia acadêmica de universitários brasileiros, antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. A primeira etapa, quantitativa e longitudinal, investigou 20 estudantes (Midade=20.8 anos;DP=3.4) no período de 2019 e 2020, sugerindo a manutenção de indicadores de saúde mental e a redução do consumo de álcool e autoeficácia. Na segunda etapa, qualitativa, entrevistas durante a quarentena revelaram processos de adaptação pessoal e acadêmica, além de preocupações sobre a saúde mental diante da pandemia. Recomenda-se respostas institucionais por parte das universidades a esses desafios em curso, em contraposição a uma perspectiva analítica individual.

Interrogating and recuperating masculinities in therapeutic practice

In this invited commentary I reflect on issues concerning masculinities in therapeutic spaces. I draw on contemporary masculinity concepts as well as the psychonalytic, postmodern and post-qualitative aspects of the various articles. I consider how traditional and modern expectations concerning masculinities create problems and possibilities for men in different situations, for example men from different generations (e.g. me, my father, my son). Similarly, I discuss how therapists might unwittingly [re]construct traditional masculinities in their practice – but are also ideally positioned to deconstruct masculinities which are implicated in their client’s suffering. At the same time, I note that the promotion of healthy, caring and inclusive masculinities need not be confined to the therapy room since there are now various mental health intervention which are community-based, entail peer support and which are tailored to specific constituencies of men. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] RESUMEN Este estudio explicó la importancia del enfoque de la Terapia Breve Centrada en Soluciones (SFBT) en el trato con las personas para encontrar soluciones tanto después como durante la ocurrencia de la ansiedad psicológica, la aplicación de SBFT se puede hacer de manera práctica, efectiva y eficiente. Este estudio utiliza un análisis comparativo, que se refiere a varias publicaciones relevantes entre SFBT y la ansiedad psicológica, especialmente en el brote de COVID-19 en forma de artículos de revistas científicas, libros de referencia y otra información de fuentes confiables. Los resultados revelaron que existe una correlación significativa entre las teorías, tanto los supuestos básicos como los conceptos relacionados con el proceso de intervención de SFBT en un esfuerzo por ayudar a las personas a encontrar soluciones a los problemas que experimentan o experimentarán. Este estudio puede entonces ser una referencia científica para la aplicación del enfoque SFBT como un esfuerzo para mejorar la capacidad de encontrar soluciones. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] ABSTRAIT Cette étude a expliqué l'importance de l'approche de la thérapie brève axée sur les solutions (SFBT) dans le traitement des individus pour trouver des solutions à la fois après et pendant l'apparition de l'anxiété psychologique, l'application de la SBFT peut être effectuée de manière pratique, efficace et efficiente. Cette étude utilise une analyse comparative, qui fait référence à diverses publications pertinentes entre SFBT et l'anxiété psychologique, en particulier dans l'épidémie de COVID-19 sous la forme d'articles de revues scientifiques, d'ouvrages de référence et d'autres informations provenant de sources fiables. Les résultats ont révélé qu'il existe une corrélation significative entre les théories, les hypothèses de base et les concepts liés au processus d'intervention SFBT dans le but d'aider les individus à trouver des solutions aux problèmes qui sont ou seront vécus. Cette étude peut alors constituer une référence scientifique pour l'application de l'approche SFBT dans le but d'améliorer la capacité à trouver des solutions. (French) [ FROM AUTHOR] ABSTRAKT Diese Studie erläuterte die Bedeutung des Ansatzes der lösungsorientierten Kurzzeittherapie (SFBT) im Umgang mit Einzelpersonen, um Lösungen sowohl nach als auch während des Auftretens von psychischer Angst zu finden. Die Anwendung von SBFT kann praktisch, effektiv und effizient erfolgen. Diese Studie verwendet eine vergleichende Analyse, die sich auf verschiedene relevante Literatur zwischen SFBT und psychischer Angst bezieht, insbesondere zum COVID-19-Ausbruch in Form von Artikeln in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften, Nachschlagewerken und anderen Informationen aus vertrauenswürdigen Quellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass es eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Theorien, sowohl Grundannahmen als auch Konzepten im Zusammenhang mit dem SFBT-Interventionsprozess gibt, um Einzelpersonen dabei zu helfen, Lösungen für Probleme zu finden, die auftreten oder auftreten werden. Diese Studie kann dann als wissenschaftliche Referenz für die Anwendung des SFBT-Ansatzes zur Verbesserung der Lösungsfähigkeit dienen. (German) [ FROM AUTHOR] ΠΕΡΊΛΗΨΗ Αυτή η μελέτη εξήγησε τη σημασία της προσέγγισης της συνοπτικής θεραπείας με επίκεντρο τη λύση (SFBT) στην αντιμετώπιση ατόμων για την εξεύρεση λύσεων τόσο μετά όσο και κατά τη διάρκεια της εμφάνισης ψυχολογικού άγχους, η εφαρμογή της SBFT μπορεί να γίνει πρακτικά, αποτελεσματικά και αποδοτικά. Αυτή η μελέτη χρησιμοποιεί συγκριτική ανάλυση, η οποία αναφέρεται σε ποικίλη σχετική βιβλιογραφία μεταξύ του SFBT και του ψυχολογικού άγχους, ειδικά στην επιδημία COVID-19 με τη μορφή άρθρων επιστημονικών περιοδικών, βιβλίων αναφοράς και άλλων πληροφοριών από αξιόπιστες πηγές. Τα αποτελέσματα αποκάλυψαν ότι υπάρχει σημαντική συσχέτιση μεταξύ των θεωριών, τόσο βασικών υποθέσεων όσο και εννοιών που σχετίζονται με τη διαδικασία παρέμβασης SFBT σε μια προσπάθεια να βοηθηθούν τα άτομα να βρουν λύσεις σε προβλήματα που έχουν ή θα βιώσουν. Αυτή η μελέτη μπορεί στη συνέχεια να αποτελέσει μια επιστημονική αναφορά για την εφαρμογή της προσέγγισης SFBT ως μια προσπάθεια βελτίωσης της ικανότητας εύρεσης λύσεων. (Modern Greek) [ FROM AUTHOR] RIASSUNTO Questo studio ha spiegato l'importanza dell'approccio Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) nel trattare con gli individui per trovare soluzioni sia dopo che durante il verificarsi di ansia psicologica, l'applicazione di SBFT può essere eseguita in modo pratico, efficace ed efficiente. Questo studio utilizza l'analisi comparativa, che fa riferimento a varie pubblicazioni rilevanti tra SFBT e ansia psicologica, in particolare nell'epidemia di COVID-19 sotto forma di articoli di riviste scientifiche, libri di consultazione e altre informazioni da fonti attendibili. I risultati hanno rivelato che esiste una correlazione significativa tra le teorie, sia i presupposti di base che i concetti relativi al processo di intervento SFBT nel tentativo di aiutare le persone a trovare soluzioni ai problemi che sono o saranno vissuti. Questo studio può quindi essere un riferimento scientifico per l'applicazione dell'approccio SFBT come sforzo per migliorare la capacità di trovare soluzioni. (Italian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Impacts des conditions de vie durant le confinement sur les personnes souffrant de maladies psychiatriques

Résumé Introduction Les personnes souffrant de troubles psychiatriques ont fait l’objet d’une vigilance accrue pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Cette étude rétrospective a eu pour objectif d’estimer l’influence des conditions de vie de ces personnes, sur l’évolution de leur humeur lors du premier confinement au printemps 2020 en France. Méthode Un questionnaire a été proposé à 86 patients souffrant de maladies psychiatriques suivis en ambulatoire, afin d’évaluer leurs conditions de vie, leurs ressources psychologiques pendant la crise sanitaire. Les patients ont répondu à des échelles durant le confinement visant à évaluer la perception de l’évolution perçue des symptômes d’anxiété et de dépression. Des analyses de variances et de comparaison de moyennes ont été réalisées afin d’étudier les variables significativement explicatives sur l’évolution des troubles. Résultats Une majorité de patients a rapporté une stabilité des symptômes d’anxiété et de dépression durant le confinement. Les altérations de l’hygiène de vie, telles qu’une augmentation des troubles du sommeil et de la consommation de tabac, ont montré des corrélations significatives avec les scores d’anxiété et de dépression. Certaines activités occupationnelles comme les soins personnels, le sport ou les sorties ont influencé également la symptomatologie. La capacité à s’appuyer sur les expériences passées ou à se projeter positivement dans le futur ont eu des effets sur la symptomatologie. Discussion Ces données mettent en évidence les spécificités des difficultés rencontrées en confinement par les personnes souffrant précédemment de maladies psychiatriques. Nos résultats pointent des ressources à considérer dans l’ajustement des modalités de soins de ces patients. Introduction Individuals with psychiatric disorders have been the focus of vigilance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this retrospective study was to estimate the influence of the living conditions of these people, on the evolution of their mood during the first lockdown in spring 2020 in France. Method A questionnaire was proposed to 86 patients with psychiatric illnesses followed in ambulatory care, in order to evaluate their living conditions, their psychological resources and their perception of the health crisis. Patients responded to scales designed to assess perceived changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms during confinement. Analyses of variance and comparison of means were performed in order to study the variables that were significantly explanatory on the evolution of the disorders. Results A majority of patients reported stability of anxiety and depression symptoms during confinement. Alterations in lifestyle, such as an increase in sleep disturbance and smoking, had an effect on anxiety or depression. Occupational activities such as self-care, sports or outings influenced symptomatology. The ability to build on past experiences or to project positively into the future had an effect on symptomatology. Discussion These data highlight the specificities of the constraints encountered in lockdown by individuals previously suffering from psychiatric illnesses. Our results point out resources to be considered in adjusting the care modalities of these patients.

Pandémie de COVID-19: attachement, anxiété, régulation émotionnelle et stratégies de coping chez les enfants d’âge scolaire

Résumé Introduction : Un impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les émotions et comportements des enfants a été retrouvé dans plusieurs études. Cependant, cet impact n’a pas été retrouvé dans toutes les études. L’attachement pourrait être lié à des réactions et des niveaux d’anxiété différents. Objectif : L’objectif principal de cette étude était d’analyser les liens entre l’attachement insécure des enfants et les variables liées à l’anxiété et à la gestion émotionnelle et comportementale des enfants pendant la pandémie. Méthode : Les participants de l’étude (n=83 parents et leur enfant âgé de 6 à 12 ans) ont complété de façon anonyme des questionnaires en ligne évaluant l’insécurité d’attachement, l’anxiété-état, les stratégies de coping et la régulation émotionnelle. Ils ont également répondu à des questions socio-démographiques et liées à leur contexte de vie et vécu de la pandémie. Résultats : L’anxiété-état est liée de façon significative à la dysrégulation émotionnelle des enfants mais pas à la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion. Des liens significatifs ont été observés entre l’insécurité d’attachement d’une part, et l’anxiété-état des enfants, la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion et la dysrégulation émotionnelle des enfants d’autre part. La dysrégulation émotionnelle médiatiserait le lien entre attachement désorganisé et anxiété-état. Conclusion : Les liens entre l’insécurité d’attachement et l’anxiété-état des enfants d’une part, et à la stratégie de coping tourné vers l’émotion d’autre part montrent l’importance de prendre en compte les facteurs individuels et interactionnels dans les manifestations socio-émotionnelles des enfants pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Introduction: An impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotions and behaviors of children has been found in several studies. However, this impact is not found in all studies. Attachment could be linked to different reactions and levels of anxiety. Objective: The main aim of this study was to analyze the links between children’s insecure attachment and variables related to anxiety, emotional and behavioral management of children during the pandemic. Method: Study participants (n=83 parents and their child aged 6 to 12) completed anonymously online questionnaires assessing attachment insecurity, state-anxiety, coping strategies and emotional regulation. They also answered socio-demographic questions related to their context of life and experience of the pandemic. Results: State-anxiety is significantly related to children's emotional dysregulation but not to emotion-oriented coping strategy. Significant links were observed between attachment insecurity on the one hand, and children's state-anxiety, emotion-oriented coping strategy and children's emotional dysregulation on the other hand. Emotional dysregulation mediates the link between disorganized attachment and state anxiety. Conclusion: The links between attachment insecurity and children's state-anxiety on the one hand, and the emotion-oriented coping strategy on the other hand highlight the importance of taking individual and interactional factors into account in children's socio-emotional manifestations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The psychological impact of lockdown on psychiatric hospital staff

The Covid-19 pandemic could lead in the long run to depressive disorders, anxiety, or at-risk consumption among health professionals, even those working outside of specialized Covid-19 units. We assessed the experience of 197 staff members in a psychiatric hospital during the first lockdown. The data suggest anxious and depressive symptoms for a significant part of the hospital staff during the lockdown. Women, nurses and assistant nurses, and staff who were off work tended to have higher anxiety and depression scores. A lack of information about the health situation was a significant risk factor for depression and anxiety. Our study points to exhaustion among health professionals during the first wave of the pandemic, even those working outside of specialized Covid-19 units. At-risk healthcare workers need close monitoring during and at the end of the pandemic, in order to prevent anxious, depressive, or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and early treatment should be provided if necessary. All hospital staff seem to require clear and accurate information throughout the health crisis, in order to reduce the risk of psychological distress. © 2021 John Libbey Eurotext. All rights reserved. La crise sanitaire liée à la Covid-19 pourrait entraîner chez les professionnels de santé une détresse émotionnelle et des troubles anxiodépressifs, et cela même en dehors des unités de soins prenant en charge la Covid-19. Nous avons évalué 197 membres du personnel d’un hôpital psychiatrique au moyen d’une enquête en ligne, durant le premier confinement de la pandémie de Covid-19. Les femmes, les infirmiers et aides-soignants et les personnes en arrêt de travail présentaient davantage de manifestations anxiodépressives. Par ailleurs, le manque d’information sur la situation sanitaire était un facteur de risque de dépression et d’anxiété. Les facteurs de risques identifiés suggèrent la nécessité de prendre en charge précocement les personnes à risque et d’assurer un suivi rapproché et une information du personnel soignant afin de prévenir les troubles anxiodépressifs. © 2021 John Libbey Eurotext. All rights reserved.

When the Bough Breaks: A systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health symptoms in mothers of young children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Parents have experienced considerable challenges and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may impact their well-being. This meta-analysis sought to identify: (1) the prevalence of depression and anxiety in parents of young children (

Los padres han experimentado retos considerables y estrés durante la pandemia del COVID-19, lo cual puede tener un impacto en su bienestar. Este metaanálisis busca identificar: 1) la prevalencia de la depresión y ansiedad en los padres de niños pequeños (

Les parents ont fait l'expérience de défis considérables et d'un stress considérable durant la pandémie du COVID-19, ce qui peut impacter leur bien-être. Cette méta-analyse s'est donné pour but d'identifier: 1) la prévalence de la dépression et de l'anxiété chez les parents de jeunes enfants (<âge 5) durant la pandémie du COVID-18, et 2) les facteurs de modération sociodémographique (par exemple, l'âge du parent, le fait d'être d'une minorité raciale) et méthodologique (par exemple, la qualité de l'étude) qui expliquent l'hétérogénéité dans les étudies. Une recherche systématique a été faite au travers de quatre banques de données du premier janvier 2020 au 3 mars 2021. Un total de 18 études ne se recoupant pas (8981 participants), toutes focalisées sur la santé mentale maternelle, ont rempli les critères d'inclusion. Des méta-analyses à effet aléatoire approprié ont été faites. Les estimations de prévalences regroupées pour une dépression cliniquement importante et des symptômes d'anxiété pour les mères de jeunes enfants durant la pandémie de COVID-19 étaient respectivement de 26,9% (95% CI: 21,3-33,4) et de 41,9% (95% CI: 26,7-58,8). La prévalence d'une dépression cliniquement élevée et de symptômes d'anxiété était plus élevée en Europe et en Amérique du Nord et chez les mères plus âgées. Les symptômes dépressifs cliniquement élevés étaient plus bas dans les études avec un pourcentage plus élevé d'individus de minorités raciales. Par comparaison les symptômes d'anxiété cliniquement élevés étaient plus haut dans les études de moindre qualité d'étude et dans les échantillons avec des mères très éduquées. Les politiques et les ressources visant des améliorations dans la santé mentale maternelle sont essentielles.

Telehealth adaptation of perinatal mental health mother-infant group programming for the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing isolation stressed pregnant and postpartum women and their families pervasively. This necessitated addressing young families' mental health needs while protecting both patients and providers from COVID-19 exposure. Our experience of rapidly adapting Pregnancy, Maternal Postpartum Peer Support, and Mother-Infant Postpartum Group interventions to high-quality telehealth modalities elucidates benefits and challenges of mother-infant dyadic treatment amidst the pandemic. This study compares 2019 in-person and 2020 telehealth services during the period from mid-March through mid-December in each year. Initial program Warmline contacts were similar across years despite pandemic-related restrictions, with 2020 program contacts surpassing the 147 unique patient outreaches during the commensurate 2019 period. Pregnancy Group enrollment remained consistent. Maternal Postpartum Peer Support Group participation increased with transition to telehealth with 27 individuals with over 100 group-based visits in 2020. Twenty-five mother-infant Postpartum pairs initially enrolled in the 12-week multicomponent Mother-Infant Therapy Group (M-ITG) during 2019 in-person services, and 16 completed the program (36% non-completion rate). During 2020 telehealth, 15 of 18 mother-infant pairs completed the program (17% non-completion rate); a greater than 50% reduction in non-completion. We further compare pre-/post-pandemic onset M-ITG participant demographics, enrollment, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores.

La pandemia COVID-19 y el consecuente aislamiento estresó a mujeres embarazadas y en postparto y a sus familias de manera generalizada. Esto requirió abordar asuntos de salud mental de familias jóvenes mientras que se protegía tanto a pacientes como proveedores de estar expuestos al COVID-19. Nuestra experiencia de adaptar rápidamente el Embarazo, el Apoyo entre Iguales al Postparto Materno y las intervenciones de grupo Madre-Infante en Postparto, a modalidades de telesalud de alta calidad, esclarece beneficios y retos del tratamiento a la díada madre-infante en medio de la pandemia. El estudio compara el servicio presencial en 2019 y de telesalud en 2020 durante el período de mitad de marzo a mitad de diciembre en cada año. Los contactos iniciales de programas de apoyo emocional telefónico con alguien en igual circunstancia (Warmline) fueron similares a lo largo de los dos años a pesar de las restricciones de la pandemia, con más contactos de programas de 2020 que las específicas 147 actividades de contacto a pacientes durante el período similar en 2019. La inscripción en grupos de embarazo se mantuvo consistente. La participación en grupos de Apoyo entre Iguales al Postparto Materno aumentó con la transición a la telesalud, con 27 individuos y más de 100 visitas con base en el grupo en 2020. Veinticinco pares de Madre-Infante en Postparto se inscribieron al inicio en el Grupo de Terapia Madre-Infante de 12 semanas y múltiples componentes (M-ITG) durante los servicios en persona de 2019 y 16 completaron el programa (36% tasa de incompletos). Durante la telesalud del 2020, 15 de los 18 pares de madre-infante completaron el programa (17% tasa de incompletos); una reducción de más del 50% en incompletos. Además, comparamos, antes y después de la pandemia, datos demográficos, inscripción y puntajes en la Escala de Edimburgo de Depresión Postnatal de participantes que iniciaron el M-ITG.

La pandémie du COVID-19 et l'isolation qui s'en est suivie a stressé les femmes enceintes et postpartum et leurs familles de façon générale. Il a donc fallu prendre en compte les besoins de santé mentale des jeunes familles tout en protégeant à la fois les patients et les praticiens de toute exposition au COVID-19. Notre expérience d'adaptation rapide du Soutien Maternel par Pair à la Grossesse et Postpartum ainsi que des interventions de groupe Postpartum Mère-Bébé en modalités de télésanté de haute qualité illustrent les bénéfices et les défis du traitement dyadique mère-bébé en pleine pandémie. Cette étude compare l'année 2019 en personne et les services de télésanté de 2020 durant la période de la mi-mars jusqu'à la mi-décembre de chaque année. Les contacts du programme initial Warmline ont été les mêmes au fil de ces deux années en dépit des restrictions liées à la pandémie, avec des contacts du programme de 2020 surpassant la communication à 147 patients uniques durant la même période de 2019. Le groupe de grossesse enregistré est demeuré constant. La participation de groupe de Soutien par Pair Postpartum a augmenté avec la transition à la télésanté avec 27 individus avec plus de 100 visites basées sur le groupe en 2020. Vingt-cinq paires Postpartum Mère-Bébé se sont initialement inscrites dans le Groupe de Thérapie Mère-Bébé de 12 semaines à plusieurs composants (M-ITG) durant les services en personne de 2019 et 16 ont terminé le programme (36% de taux d'inachèvement). Durant la télésanté 2020, 15 des 18 paires mère-bébé ont complété le programme (17% de taux d'inachèvement); un taux de réduction de 50% plus grand pour l'inachèvement). Nous comparons par ailleurs les données démographiques des participants M-ITG avant et après le début de la pandémie, les inscriptions et les scores de l'Echelle de Dépression Postnatale d'Edinbourg.

Anxiety and sleep quality in a sample of Lebanese healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak.

A cross-sectional, survey based study was conducted in order to assess mental health outcomes among healthcare workers in a private university hospital involved in the COVID-19 response in Lebanon. The main objective was to quantify symptoms of anxiety and sleep quality using self-rating scales (the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) respectively), while identifying factors that might affect those symptoms. A total of 628 healthcare workers completed the survey; 409 (66.2%) were younger than 40 years, and 441 (71.4%) were women. Of all participants, 503 (81.4%) were nurses, 52 (8.4%) were physicians and 63 (10.2%) were residents. Registered nurses, residents, women, and younger participants presented higher scores on both scales than other categories of participants. Among factors related with COVID-19, those associated with higher scores were having relatives affected by the virus (22.2%), being excessively exposed to media (12.9%), and increasing the consumption of substances/alcohol (31.2%) during this period. Factors associated with higher risk of anxiety symptoms after multivariable logistic regression analysis were: female sex, young age, poor sleep quality, and living with elderly. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the psychological wellbeing of health care workers involved in the acute COVID-19 outbreak in Lebanon.

[Video calls to disoriented elderly persons during the COVID-19 health crisis]. / Appels vidéo auprès de personnes âgées désorientées pendant la crise sanitaire.

Maintaining an exchange between the disoriented elderly patient and his family circle is essential to help reduce patient anxiety. When visits are not possible, the implementation of video calls with highly disoriented individuals shows a benefit of these virtual exchanges. The introduction of new technologies, if accompanied, does not disturb the patient and does not alter the quality of the relationship.

[Psychological impact of lockdown and the COVID-19 epidemic on haemodialysis patients and carers in France]. / Répercussions psychologiques du confinement et de l'épidémie à COVID-19 chez les patients et soignants en hémodialyse en France.

INTRODUCTION: The health crisis linked to the COVID-19 epidemic has required lockdown measures in France and changes in practices in dialysis centers. The objective was to assess the depressive and anxiety symptoms during lockdown in hemodialysis patients and their caregivers. METHODS: We sent, during lockdown period, between April and May 2020, self-questionnaires to voluntary subjects (patients and caregivers), treated by hemodialysis or who worked in hemodialysis in one of the 14 participating centers in France. We analyzed their perception of dialysis sessions (beneficial or worrying), their stress level (VAS rated from 0 to 10), their anxiety and depressive symptoms (Hospital anxiety and depression scale). Factors associated with stress, anxiety and depression were analyzed with multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: 669 patients and 325 caregivers agreed to participate. 70 % of participants found it beneficial to come to dialysis during confinement. The proportions of subjects with a stress level ≥ 6 linked to the epidemic, confinement, fear of contracting COVID-19 and fear of infecting a loved one were respectively 23.9%, 26.2%, 33.4% and 42%. 39.2% presented with certain (13.7%) or doubtful (19.2%) anxious symptoms. 21.2% presented a certain (7.9%) or doubtful (13.3%) depressive symptomatology. Age, gender, history of psychological disorders and perception of dialysis sessions were associated with levels of stress, anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION: During the lockdown period, in France, the majority of hemodialysis patients and caregivers found it beneficial to come to dialysis. One in three subjects had anxiety symptoms and one in five subjects had depressive symptoms.

Association entre la fréquence de consultation des médias d'information et la détresse psychologique chez les femmes enceintes durant la pandémie de COVID-19: Association between news media consulting frequency and psychological distress in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the association between news media use frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic and the scale of psychological distress in pregnant women, considering this distress known harmful effects on the fetus development. METHOD: Pregnant women living in Quebec province (N = 1014) have been recruited in April 2020 through social media, while a state of health emergency was declared. Participants were divided in 4 groups, according to self-reported frequency of news media consulting (little or none; one time a day; several times a day; constant). They filled measures of depressive symptoms, negative affects, post-traumatic stress symptoms and anxiety specific to COVID-19. Instrument scores were grouped under a unique factor of psychological distress. RESULTS: An ANCOVA controlling for age, gestational age, education level, household annual revenue and a diagnosed mental disorder present at the time of participation in study shows that news media exposure frequency is significantly associated with psychological distress severity in pregnant women, during COVID-19 pandemic, F(3,998) = 27.02, p < 0.001, η2 partial = 0.08. Given the mean comparisons a posteriori, higher psychological distress rates are found as soon as news media exposure exceeds once a day (effect sizes between 0.38 and 0.81). CONCLUSIONS: The more pregnant women report consulting the news media during the COVID-19 pandemic, the more likely they are to exhibit psychological distress. Results provide one of the first empirical supports to recommendations of World Health Organization, Canada government and psychiatric associations that encourage population to limit their news media consulting during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIF: Examiner l'association entre la fréquence d'utilisation des médias d'information durant la pandémie de COVID-19 et l'ampleur de la détresse psychologique chez les femmes enceintes, considérant les impacts délétères connus de cette détresse sur le développement du fœtus. MÉTHODE: Des femmes enceintes habitant la province de Québec (N = 1014) ont été recrutées en avril 2020 par le biais des médias sociaux, alors qu'un état d'urgence sanitaire prévalait. Les participantes ont été divisées en quatre groupes, selon la fréquence auto-rapportée de consultation des médias d'information (peu ou pas; une fois par jour; plusieurs fois par jour; constante). Elles ont rempli des mesures des symptômes dépressifs, des affects négatifs, des symptômes de stress post-traumatique et d'anxiété spécifique de la COVID-19. Les scores aux instruments se regroupaient sous un facteur unique de détresse psychologique. RÉSULTATS: Une ANCOVA contrôlant pour l'âge, l'âge gestationnel, le niveau d'éducation, le revenu familial annuel et la présence d'un trouble mental diagnostiqué au moment de la participation à l'étude montre que la fréquence d'exposition aux médias d'information est significativement associée à la sévérité de la détresse psychologique chez les femmes enceintes au moment de la pandémie de COVID-19, F(3,998) = 27,02, p < 0,001, η2 partiel = 0,08. Selon les comparaisons de moyennes a posteriori, des taux plus élevés de détresse psychologique s'observent dès que l'exposition aux médias d'information dépasse une fois par jour (tailles de l'effet entre 0,38 et 0,81). CONCLUSIONS: Plus les femmes enceintes consultent les médias d'information pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, plus elles sont sujettes à présenter de la détresse psychologique. Les résultats offrent un des premiers appuis empiriques aux recommandations de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé, du gouvernement du Canada et d'associations de psychiatres encourageant la population à limiter sa consultation des médias d'information durant la pandémie de COVID-19.

Bio-psychosocial study on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on depression and anxiety in a sample of 1753 French-speaking subjects.

The aim of this article was to study the impact of the COVID19 lockdown on anxiety and depressive symptoms on the basis of responses to an online survey from 1753 French-speaking subjects, conducted between April 27 and May 11, 2020. METHOD: Using a biopsychosocial model, the effects of socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender at birth, socio-professional category, sexual orientation), lockdown conditions (material factors: urban density of the place of residence, surface area of the place of residence during lockdown), social characteristics: living with a partner during lockdown, presence of children during lockdown) and psychosocial history (attachment styles) on anxiety - evaluated on the GAD7 - and depression - evaluated on the MDI - were investigated. Ordinal regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The rates of depression observed (moderate or severe depression: 22.5%) and anxiety (moderate or severe anxiety: 18.4%) were higher than usual but lower than what has been documented in other studies on the effects of lockdown. Women appeared to be more vulnerable than men (Anxiety: AOR=1.647, CI 95%=1.647-2.530; Depression: AOR=1.622, CI 95%=1.274-2.072). Bisexual individuals had an increased likelihood of anxiety symptoms (AOR=1.962, CI 95%=1.544-2.490) and depression (AOR=1.799, CI 95%=1.394-2.317). For homosexuals, only links with depression were observed (AOR=1.757, CI 95%=1.039-2.906). People in a situation of economic vulnerability were more prone to anxiety disorders (e.g. people with no working activity: AOR=1.791, CI 95%=1.147-2.790) or depression (e.g. people with no working activity: AOR=2.581, CI 95%=1.633-4.057). Links with attachment styles were also found. Fearful subjects were particularly vulnerable (anxiety: AOR=2.514, CI 95%=1.985-3.190; depression: AOR=2.521, CI 95%=1.938-3.289), followed by subjects with an anxious attachment style (anxiety: AOR=1.949, CI 95%=1.498-2.540; depression: AOR=1.623, CI 95%=1.207-2.181). The impact of lockdown on avoidant subjects only concerned depression (AOR=1.417, CI 95%=1.034-1.937). Being with a partner during lockdown appeared to have a protective effect against depression (AOR=.693, CI 95%=.555-.866). Neither the presence of children, the surface area of the lockdown residence, nor the population density of the place of residence was associated with anxiety or depression. CONCLUSION: The impact of lockdown on mental health depends on a range of dimensions that need to be apprehended in order to tailor post-lockdown psychological and social support. Management based on a biopsychosocial approach should be favored.

Predictors of sleep quality in medical students during COVID-19 confinement.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess sleep quality of Tunisian medical students during home confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and sociodemographic, clinical, confinement-related and psychological variables. METHODS: A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted from April 11th to May 3rd 2020. Medical students who have been in home confinement and who accepted to participate in an online survey were targeted. Sociodemographic data, clinical variables, and data related to home confinement were collected. Participants also completed Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and Beck Hopelessness Scale. RESULTS: Results showed a high prevalence of poor sleepers among medical students (72.5%) with poor subjective sleep quality, increased sleep latency, sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunction. Multiple regression analysis revealed that family history of suicide attempts, tobacco use, perception of home confinement and reduced physical activity during home confinement significantly contributed to poor sleep quality. Among the psychological variables, anxiety and hopelessness significantly contributed to poor sleep quality in medical students during home confinement. CONCLUSIONS: Results revealed a high prevalence of poor sleep quality in medical students who have been in home confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Except family history of suicide attempts, factors that significantly contributed to poor sleep quality were modifiable factors. Sleep quality and sleep parameters need to be assessed in this particular population and adequate measures aiming to promote quality of sleep need to be enhanced, given the crucial regenerative, homeostatic and psychological roles of sleep.

[Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks?] / Les professionnels de santé face à la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) : quels risques pour leur santé mentale ?

OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused major sanitary crisis worldwide. Half of the world has been placed in quarantine. In France, this large-scale health crisis urgently triggered the restructuring and reorganization of health service delivery to support emergency services, medical intensive care units and continuing care units. Health professionals mobilized all their resources to provide emergency aid in a general climate of uncertainty. Concerns about the mental health, psychological adjustment, and recovery of health care workers treating and caring for patients with COVID-19 are now arising. The goal of the present article is to provide up-to-date information on potential mental health risks associated with exposure of health professionals to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Authors performed a narrative review identifying relevant results in the scientific and medical literature considering previous epidemics of 2003 (SARS-CoV-1) and 2009 (H1N1) with the more recent data about the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlighted most relevant data concerning the disease characteristics, the organizational factors and personal factors that may contribute to developing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms. RESULTS: The disease characteristics of the current COVID-19 pandemic provoked a generalized climate of wariness and uncertainty, particularly among health professionals, due to a range of causes such as the rapid spread of COVID-19, the severity of symptoms it can cause in a segment of infected individuals, the lack of knowledge of the disease, and deaths among health professionals. Stress may also be caused by organizational factors, such as depletion of personal protection equipment, concerns about not being able to provide competent care if deployed to new area, concerns about rapidly changing information, lack of access to up-to-date information and communication, lack of specific drugs, the shortage of ventilators and intensive care unit beds necessary to care for the surge of critically ill patients, and significant change in their daily social and family life. Further risk factors have been identified, including feelings of being inadequately supported, concerns about health of self, fear of taking home infection to family members or others, and not having rapid access to testing through occupational health if needed, being isolated, feelings of uncertainty and social stigmatization, overwhelming workload, or insecure attachment. Additionally, we discussed positive social and organizational factors that contribute to enhance resilience in the face of the pandemic. There is a consensus in all the relevant literature that health care professionals are at an increased risk of high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder, which could have long-term psychological implications. CONCLUSIONS: In the long run, this tragic health crisis should significantly enhance our understanding of the mental health risk factors among the health care professionals facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Reporting information such as this is essential to plan future prevention strategies. Protecting health care professionals is indeed an important component of public health measures to address large-scale health crisis. Thus, interventions to promote mental well-being in health care professionals exposed to COVID-19 need to be immediately implemented, and to strengthen prevention and response strategies by training health care professionals on mental help and crisis management.

[Psychopathological consequences of confinement]. / Conséquences psychopathologiques du confinement.

The psychological effects of isolation have already been described in the literature (polar expeditions, submarines, prison). Nevertheless, the scale of confinement implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented. In addition to reviewing the published studies, we need to anticipate the psychological problems that could arise during or at a distance from confinement. We have gone beyond the COVID-19 literature in order to examine the implications of the known consequences of confinement, like boredom, social isolation, stress, or sleep deprivation. Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidal or addictive behaviours, domestic violence are described effects of confinement, but the mechanisms of emergence of these disorders and their interrelationships remain to be studied. For example, what are the mechanisms of emergence of post-traumatic stress disorders in the context of confinement? We also remind the reader of points of vigilance to be kept in mind with regard to eating disorders and hallucinations. Hallucinations are curiously ignored in the literature on confinement, whereas a vast literature links social isolation and hallucinations. Due to the broad psychopathological consequences, we have to look for these various symptoms to manage them. We quickly summarize the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches already in place, such as telemedicine, which is undergoing rapid development during the COVID-19 crisis.